Nowadays, the bulk use of electricity meters are static energy meters, the meter metering process has no moving parts, the whole is a signal processing process. So how does the meter realize the measurement, and what parts are in the case of the meter?
First of all, there is a circuit board inside, and there are a bunch of chips and components on the circuit board, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and so on. One of the most important chips is the metering chip, through which the meter measures electricity, and it outputs data such as voltage, current, and electrical energy. It is connected to the manganese copper and voltage sampling resistor.
Manganese copper is a small piece of copper, one end of which is connected to the incoming wire of the FireWire, and the other end is connected to the outgoing wire of the FireWire, and all the current of the user's house will flow through the manganese copper. Manganese copper has a certain resistance value, usually a few hundred micro-ohms, when the current flows through will produce a voltage drop, according to Ohm's law, when the resistance is certain, the voltage drop is proportional to the current, the metering chip according to the voltage drop on the manganese copper on the current measurement.
In the meter, there is a string of resistors between the fire wire and the zero wire, 220V voltage is divided on this string of resistors, and the metering chip measures the voltage by collecting the voltage divided on the last resistor.
The second important chip in the meter is the MCU, equivalent to the CPU of a computer, which is the brain of the meter and is linked to different modules through the surrounding pins. All the functions of the meter are realized by it, and it has a set of special program inside, which can control the meter to realize the functions of metering, displaying, communicating, detecting and alarming.
The third important chip in the meter is the security encryption chip ESAM, which has a built-in state secret algorithm and the key of the meter. The setting of important parameters in the meter and the control of the relay, etc. need to be decrypted by this chip before they can be executed. Electricity, parameters and other heavy data will also be backed up in it for the second time.
The fourth important chip in the meter is the clock chip, some meters make this chip and MCU together, called RTC function. The clock chip is used to provide a standard clock and perpetual calendar for the meter, and the time in the meter is maintained by it.
In order to ensure that the time in the meter is not lost after a power failure, the meter also has a battery. This battery only supplies power to the clock chip, and the supply current is very small, but the life span is very long, and can reach more than ten years.
For the three-phase meter, there is a magnetic field detection chip on the circuit board, which can detect the strength of the external magnetic field, reach a certain value will generate a certain amount of data and exist in the memory to prevent users from stealing electricity.
Other chips include 485 chips for communication; infrared communication with infrared transmission and reception chips; dcdc and ldo chips for conversion and voltage stabilization of different voltages; EE and FLASH chips for data storage, which are equivalent to the hard disk of the meter, and all the data in the meter are stored on it, and the life expectancy is the same as that of the meter.
In addition, there is a black and white broken code LCD display on the meter, which can display a lot of information, such as electricity, voltage, current, rate, active and other information, with the button can display more content.
The circuit board of the meter has a small transformer, which changes 220V to a dozen or so volts, and realizes the isolation of strong and weak power. The power supply module turns the ten-volt AC into DC 12V, 5V, 3.3V, which supply power to the chip and other modules.
There is also a small square in the meter, strung between the manganese copper and the fire wire, which is the load switch, which is actually a relay that is controlled by the meter's MCU and can be disconnected and closed. When it is disconnected, the user's home is de-energized.
All of the above components are designed to fulfill a certain function. There are also some devices on the meter that are designed to improve product performance, safety and reliability. For example, varistors can be used to prevent the meter from being damaged after a lightning strike, thermistors can be used to prevent the meter from generating large currents after an internal short circuit, and safety capacitors are used to attenuate the meter's external radiation and conduction.
In fact, there are many parts in the power meter, the power meter is small though.
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